Introduction

Recently I was working on a project during my internship. I was given a fairly easy task, to build a new page where I had to fetch data from APIs and display it with some CTAs. There I came across a very interesting hook that was used across the project to carry out similar tasks.

useAsync

Some of you must have heard it before. I was fascinated by the fact that how clean and elegant it had become to handle declarative promise resolution and data fetching. I decided to build a custom hook of my own and re-invent the wheel to understand it better.

Problem

If your React application involves fetching data from APIs then it has to have 3 UI states:

Load
Error
Success

The practice that is followed ( especially by beginners ) is to litter the components with a bunch of useState calls to keep track of the state of an async function ( that deals with API calls ).

Wouldn’t it be great if we had a utility that would take an async function as an input and return loading, error, success, and response values needed to update our UI accordingly thus reducing the lines of code and making it cleaner?

Let's address the problem with an example

A simple React application that fetches random quotes on button click. Along with it, we have a dropdown that lets the user select the max length of characters of which the quote must be generated.

Here are 3 different cases when the fetch API is executed:

Fetch on mount - When the app loads for the first time.
Fetch on button click - To generate a new random quote on button click.
Fetch on params change - When the user selects an option from the dropdown.

I hope most of the code is self-explanatory, as you can see we have littered the component with too many useState calls which are of course necessary for the conditional rendering of the UI. What if you have more such individual components which make an API call you will have to have again all 3 state variables to handle various states of an API call. This approach would increase a lot of code if we had to scale the application or rather any application which deals with data-fetching from APIs.

Solution

A custom hook that takes an async function as an input and returns the value, error, and loading status values we need to properly update our UI.

What Are Custom Hooks?

Custom Hooks are functions. Usually, they start with the word “use” (important convention).

Unlike a React component, a custom Hook doesn’t need to have a specific signature. We can decide what it takes as arguments, and what, if anything, it should return. In other words, it’s just like a normal function

Custom Hooks allow us to access the React ecosystem in terms of hooks, which means we have access to all the known hooks like useState, useMemo, useEffect, etc. This mechanism enables the separation of logic and view.

Can you see how clean our App.js file looks now!

All we had to do is pass the async function and parameters as per our needs to a custom hook that returns us the required variables to satisfy our UI needs.

We will discuss in detail the parameters and why we need them later, but to briefly explain we are passing 3 parameters:

Async function - Function that makes an API call.
Dependency array - To make an API call on params change.
Boolean flag - If true then execute on mount if not then don't.

Approach

Let's break down the problem into smaller problems and approach our solution step by step and build our custom hook hook.js:

1. Fetch on mount


import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";

export const useAsync = (asyncFunction, args) => {

  const [response, setResponse] = useState(null);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);

  const execute = useCallback(
    () => {
      setLoading(true);
      setResponse(null);
      setError(null);
      return asyncFunction(...args)
        .then((response) => {
          setResponse(response);
        })
        .catch((error) => {
          setError(error);
        })
        .finally(() => {
          setLoading(false);
        });
    },
    [asyncFunction, ...args]
  );

  useEffect(() => {
      execute();
  }, []);


  return { response, error, loading };
};

As mentioned above in "what are custom hooks?" we have named our hook starting with "use" followed by "Async" since we are primarily handling an async operation.
We are accepting 2 arguments in our custom hook
1. asyncFunction - function that returns a promise
2. args - arguments that the asyncFunction accepts
We have taken all the state variables that are associated with this async operation to make an API call out in our custom hook.
We have also created a new function that wraps the async function passed into useCallback to memorize the version this of callback and call the execute function in useEffect since we want to fetch on mount.

Note: You can read more about useCallback and why it is needed here

Finally, we return 3 variables required to handle the 3 UI states thus satisfying our first requirement which is to fetch on mount.

2. Fetch on button click



import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";

export const useAsync = (asyncFunction, args=[], immediate = true) => {

  const [response, setResponse] = useState(null);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);

  const execute = useCallback(
    () => {
      setLoading(true);
      setResponse(null);
      setError(null);
      return asyncFunction(...args)
        .then((response) => {
          setResponse(response);
        })
        .catch((error) => {
          setError(error);
        })
        .finally(() => {
          setLoading(false);
        });
    },
  [asyncFunction, ...args]
  );

  useEffect(() => {
    if (immediate) {
      execute();
  }, []);


  return { execute, response, error, loading };
};

Since we need explicit control on our async call and also just want the async call to be executed on any event triggered instead of fetching on mount all the time, we have made slight changes in the code.

1) Add one more parameter that our custom hook will accept - "immediate" which will be used in the useEffect to decide whether to call the execute function on mount or not.

If immediate is true then the execute function will be called which is similar to our previous solution.
If immediate is false then the execute function won't be called.

NOTE: The default value of immediate is true

2) Return execute function which can be now called from the component which uses this hook thus giving the ability to manually fetch on any event triggered.

3. Fetch on params change


import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";

export const useAsync = (
  asyncFuntion,
  args = [],
  deps = [],
  immediate = true
) => {
  const isFirstUpdate = useRef(true);

  const [response, setResponse] = useState(null);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);

  const execute = useCallback(() => {
    setLoading(true);
    setResponse(null);
    setError(null);
    return asyncFuntion(...args)
      .then((response) => {
        setResponse(response);
      })
      .catch((error) => {
        setError(error);
      })
      .finally(() => {
        setLoading(false);
      });
  }, [asyncFuntion, args]);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (immediate) {
      execute();
    } else {
      if (!isFirstUpdate.current) {
        execute();
      }
    }
  }, [...deps]);

  useEffect(() => {
    isFirstUpdate.current = false;
  }, []);

  return { execute, response, error, loading };
};

As you can see the custom hook now accepts a third parameter - deps which is an array of parameters that on change shall call the execute function. Here we have 2 cases:

If immediate is true, then execute on mount and also when the params or deps change.
- All we have to do to handle this case is pass the deps in the useEffect.
If immediate is false, then don't execute on mount but execute when deps change.
- To handle this case we need to know once the component using this hook is mounted. To know this we introduced a useRef hook. We initialize this useRef hook isFirstUpdate with true and we have added another useEffect call which later on updates the values to false after first render or mount.
useRef returns a mutable ref object whose .current property is initialized to the passed argument (initialValue). The returned object will persist for the full lifetime of the component.
- Now when the component renders for the first time, in the first useEffect none of the conditions are satisfied thus avoiding execute to be called on mount. In the first render we are also updating the value of the useRef hook to false at the end which will make sure that in the next render the execute function will be called since now the value of useRef is false thus satisfying the if(!isFirstUpdate.current) condition.

Conclusion

We just built a custom hook from scratch which does exactly what we need. There are existing solutions and libraries which provide more functionalities and handle other cases like handle mutations, handle race conditions, handle cancellation, etc. Overall it was a great learning experience and a good challenge to solve. Hope you learned a thing or two while reading it too.

That's it for the post, see you in the next one :)

useAsync: A cleaner way to fetch data from APIs

Building a custom hook that makes fetching data from APIs cleaner